On seeding, large-scale wave structure, equatorial spread F, and scintillations over Vietnam

Abstract

Understanding the day-to-day variability in occurrence of equatorial spread F (ESF) remains as a high-priority objective in space weather research. A major difficulty has been an inability to resolve the roles being played by large-scale wave structure (LSWS) and the post-sunset rise (PSSR) of the equatorial F layer, in the production of ESF. In this paper, we show conclusively that total electron content (TEC), measured as a function of latitude and longitude, provides clear, routine descriptions of LSWS. Then, together with ionosonde data, we show, for the first time, that while a seed for LSWS can occur in the late afternoon, its amplification takes place mostly during the PSSR. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of existing theories.